History of Bishnupur
Bishnupur, located in the Bankura district of West Bengal, India, is a town steeped in history, culture, and tradition. Known for its exquisite terracotta temples, music, art, and crafts, Bishnupur has a rich historical narrative that spans centuries.
The town served as the capital of the Malla kings, who were significant patrons of art and culture, particularly between the 16th and 18th centuries.
Early History and the Malla Dynasty
1. Origins and Establishment: The history of Bishnupur dates back to around 694 AD when King Raghunath I of the Malla dynasty established it. The Malla kings, originally tribal chieftains, gradually became powerful rulers and embraced Hinduism. The name “Bishnupur” is derived from “Vishnu,” the principal deity worshipped by the Malla rulers.
2. Rise of the Malla Kingdom: Bishnupur rose to prominence under the Malla kings, particularly during the reigns of Bir Hambir (1596-1622), Raghunath Singha Dev (1626-1656), and Bir Singha Dev (1656-1682). King Bir Hambir is credited with initiating the construction of the terracotta temples that the town is famous for today. These temples were built using local laterite stone and terracotta bricks and feature exquisite carvings depicting scenes from Hindu mythology, daily life, and nature.
3. Cultural Renaissance: The Malla rulers were great patrons of the arts, particularly music, dance, and architecture. The Bishnupur Gharana, a distinctive style of Hindustani classical music, flourished under their patronage. This period saw the construction of some of the most iconic terracotta temples, such as the Rasmancha, Jorbangla Temple, Madanmohan Temple, and Shyam Rai Temple, which were adorned with intricate terracotta carvings. These temples reflect a unique blend of Bengali, Oriya, and Mughal architectural styles.
The Golden Age and Architectural Marvels
1. Architectural Heritage: The 17th and 18th centuries marked the golden age of Bishnupur’s architectural heritage. The Malla kings built several temples during this period, each with its unique style and iconography. For instance, the Rasmancha, constructed in 1600 AD by King Bir Hambir, stands out for its distinctive pyramidal structure and was used for religious processions and festivals. The Jorbangla Temple, built by King Raghunath Singha Dev II in 1655, is known for its twin hut-style structure and intricate terracotta panels. The Shyam Rai Temple, built in 1643, features five pinnacles and is famous for its terracotta plaques depicting scenes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
2. Mrinmoyee Temple: One of the oldest temples in Bishnupur, the Mrinmoyee Temple, dedicated to Goddess Durga, is believed to have been established in 997 AD by the Malla kings. It continues to be an important religious site, with the annual Durga Puja festival attracting many devotees.
3. The Decline of the Malla Dynasty: The decline of the Malla dynasty began in the 18th century due to internal conflicts, pressure from neighbouring kingdoms, and the rise of British colonial power. The economic and political influence of Bishnupur gradually waned, and the town lost its prominence as a cultural and political centre. However, the architectural marvels built during the Malla reign continued to stand as a testament to its glorious past.
Bishnupur in Modern Times
1. Post-Independence Era: After India gained independence in 1947, Bishnupur remained a relatively quiet town, primarily known for its historical temples and cultural heritage. The government and various organisations took steps to preserve its rich architectural and cultural legacy. In the late 20th century, Bishnupur gained recognition as a heritage tourism destination, attracting history enthusiasts, art lovers, and pilgrims.
2. Cultural Revival and Tourism: Today, Bishnupur is a significant cultural and tourist destination in West Bengal. The town is renowned for its terracotta temples, Baluchari sarees, and classical music. The annual Bishnupur Mela, held in December, celebrates its art, culture, and history, drawing visitors from across India and beyond. The town’s traditional crafts, such as terracotta pottery, weaving, and conch shell carving, continue to thrive, keeping its rich cultural heritage alive.
3. Recognition and Preservation: Many of Bishnupur’s temples and monuments are now protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Efforts are ongoing to preserve and restore these structures to maintain their historical and cultural significance.